Antonyms, Synonymsand ,Homonyms
SYNONYMS (หมายถึงคำศัพท์คำหนึ่งที่มีความหมายเหมือนกับคำอีกคำหนึ่ง แต่เขียนสะกดคำไม่เหมือนกัน)
Synonyms are different words which have the same meaning, or almost the same meaning.
The words stones and rocks are synonyms.
Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, as long as both are the same part of speech.
For example:
- chair and seat (ที่นั่ง)
- go and leave (ไป ออกจาก)
- quickly and rapidly (อย่างรวดเร็ว)
- long and extended (นาน ,ยาว )
Synonyms need not be single words, as in war and armed conflict.
Here are more synonyms:
- tremendous and remarkable
- cat and feline (แมว ,สายพันหนึ่งของแมว)
- baby and infant (เด็กทารก)
- sick and ill (ปวย ไม่สบาย)
- quickly and speedily (อย่างรวดเร็ว)
A word can have more than one synonym depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- expired could have the synonym no longer fresh, if you mean milk that's past its sale date.
- expired could have the synonym dead, if you mean no longer alive.
ANTONYMS (หมายถึงคำศัพท์คำหนึ่งที่มีความหมายตรงกันข้ามกับคำอีกคำหนึ่ง ตัวอย่างคำที่ความหมายตรงกันข้ามที่พบบ่อยๆนั้นเอง)
Antonyms are words which have opposite meanings.
The words hot(ร้อน) and cold(เย็น) are antonyms. So are up(ขึ้น) and down(ลง), and short(สั้น) and tall(ยาว).
A word can have more than one antonym, depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- short could have the antonym tall if you are referring to a person's height.
(short เป็นคำตรงข้ามกับคำว่า tall ถ้าคุณกล่าวถึง ความสูงของคน)
- short could have the antonym long if you are referring to to the length of something.
(short เป็นคำตรงข้ามกับคำว่า long ถ้่าคุณใช้กล่าวถึง ของบางสิ่งบางอย่าง)
In many languages, including English, you can sometimes make antonyms by adding a prefix:
- real and unreal are antonyms
- flexible and inflexible are antonyms
However, English is well known for its exceptions to the rules, so you have to watch out for words like flammable andinflammable, where this doesn't work ... they're synonyms!
There are actually four types of antonyms
- short could have the antonym long if you are referring to to the length of something.
(short เป็นคำตรงข้ามกับคำว่า long ถ้่าคุณใช้กล่าวถึง ของบางสิ่งบางอย่าง)
In many languages, including English, you can sometimes make antonyms by adding a prefix:
- real and unreal are antonyms
- flexible and inflexible are antonyms
However, English is well known for its exceptions to the rules, so you have to watch out for words like flammable andinflammable, where this doesn't work ... they're synonyms!
There are actually four types of antonyms
:
- Gradable antonyms(สำนวนคำตรงข้าม) are opposites at either end of the spectrum, as in slow and fast.
- Complementary antonyms(คำชมเชย) are absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.
- Relational antonyms(เชื่อมความสัมพันธ์) are opposites where one word describes a relationship between two objects, and the other word describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed.
For example, parent and child, teacher and student, or buy and sell. - Auto-antonyms( are the same two words that mean the opposite.(คำสองคำที่เหมือนกันแต่ความหมายต่างที่สถานการณ์ โอกาส)
For example, fast (moving quickly) and fast (stuck in place).
HOMONYMS
(คือ คำที่เขียนเหมือนกันสะกดเหมือนกัน แต่ความหมายต่างกัน)
A homonym ('same name') is a word that has the same pronunciation and spelling as another word, but a different meaning.
For example, mean (an average) and mean (nasty) are homonyms. They are identical in spelling and pronunciation, but different in meaning.
Here are some more homonyms:
- punch (เครื่องดื่ม) and punch (ชกต่อย)
- dog (สุนัข) and dog (อันธพาล)
- bat (ค้างคาว) and bat (ไม้ตีลูกบอล)
Homonyms are by definition also homographs and homophones (see below).
A homograph ('same writing') is a word that has the same spelling as another word, but a different meaning.
For example, punch and punch are homographs, but so are bow (Robin Hood's weapon) and bow (the front of the ship). Homographs don't have to be pronounced the same way.
A homophone ('same sound') is a word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but a different meaning.
For example, punch and punch are homophones, but so are creak (the sound) and creek (a tiny river). Homophonesdon't have to be spelled the same way.
Here are some more homophones:
- there, their and they're
- to, too, and two
- led and lead (the metal)
- weak and week
Many puns rely on homophones for their humour.
To summarize:
For example, mean (an average) and mean (nasty) are homonyms. They are identical in spelling and pronunciation, but different in meaning.
Here are some more homonyms:
- punch (เครื่องดื่ม) and punch (ชกต่อย)
- dog (สุนัข) and dog (อันธพาล)
- bat (ค้างคาว) and bat (ไม้ตีลูกบอล)
Homonyms are by definition also homographs and homophones (see below).
A homograph ('same writing') is a word that has the same spelling as another word, but a different meaning.
For example, punch and punch are homographs, but so are bow (Robin Hood's weapon) and bow (the front of the ship). Homographs don't have to be pronounced the same way.
A homophone ('same sound') is a word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but a different meaning.
For example, punch and punch are homophones, but so are creak (the sound) and creek (a tiny river). Homophonesdon't have to be spelled the same way.
Here are some more homophones:
- there, their and they're
- to, too, and two
- led and lead (the metal)
- weak and week
Many puns rely on homophones for their humour.
To summarize:
- Homonyms sound the same and are spelled the same, and have different meanings.
- Homographs are spelled the same (but need not sound the same), and have different meanings.
- Homophones sound the same (but need not be spelled the same), and have different meanings.
[Note: there is no universal agreement on these definitions. Some dictionaries or reference works may have alternate definitions.]
But wait ... there's more!
Heteronyms, or heterophones ('different name') are spelled the same, but have different pronunciations and meanings.(คือ คำที่มีการสะกดเหมือนกัน แต่ลักษณะคำและความหมายต่างกัน)
For example, desert (ละทิ้ง เป็นคำกริยา) and desert (ทะเลทราย เป็นคำนาม) have the same spelling, but are pronounced differently, and have different meanings.
(Heteronyms are homographs that are pronounced differently ... or homographs that aren't homophones).
Contronyms, or antagonyms have opposite meanings in different contexts.(หมายถึงการมีความหมายที่ตรงกันข้ามในการเขียนแต่ละประโยค)
For example, cleave can mean to stick together(การติดเข้าด้วยกัน), or to split apart (ผ่าแบ่ง).
Capitonyms are spelled the same but have different meanings when capitalised. (หมายถึงคำที่สะกดเหมือนกันแต่ความหมายต่างกัน เมื่อตัวอักษรที่เขียนขึ้นต้น เป็นตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่)
For example:
- polish (สิ่งที่ส่องแสงได้) and Polish (ประเทศโปแลน). These are pronounced differently.
- caterpillar (แมลง) and Caterpillar (บริษัทเครื่องจักรกล). These are pronounced the same.
Capitonyms may or may not be pronounced the same.
But wait ... there's more!
Heteronyms, or heterophones ('different name') are spelled the same, but have different pronunciations and meanings.(คือ คำที่มีการสะกดเหมือนกัน แต่ลักษณะคำและความหมายต่างกัน)
For example, desert (ละทิ้ง เป็นคำกริยา) and desert (ทะเลทราย เป็นคำนาม) have the same spelling, but are pronounced differently, and have different meanings.
(Heteronyms are homographs that are pronounced differently ... or homographs that aren't homophones).
Contronyms, or antagonyms have opposite meanings in different contexts.(หมายถึงการมีความหมายที่ตรงกันข้ามในการเขียนแต่ละประโยค)
For example, cleave can mean to stick together(การติดเข้าด้วยกัน), or to split apart (ผ่าแบ่ง).
Capitonyms are spelled the same but have different meanings when capitalised. (หมายถึงคำที่สะกดเหมือนกันแต่ความหมายต่างกัน เมื่อตัวอักษรที่เขียนขึ้นต้น เป็นตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่)
For example:
- polish (สิ่งที่ส่องแสงได้) and Polish (ประเทศโปแลน). These are pronounced differently.
- caterpillar (แมลง) and Caterpillar (บริษัทเครื่องจักรกล). These are pronounced the same.
Capitonyms may or may not be pronounced the same.
